Linux

Boot disk

Grub

Manual Install

 - sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
 - sudo mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev
 - sudo mount -o proc none /mnt/proc
 - sudo chroot /mnt /bin/bash
   #> grub
   grub> device (hd0) /dev/sda
   grub> root (hd0,0)
   grub> setup (hd0)
    Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no
    Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes
    Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes
    Checking if "/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes
    Running "embed /grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"...  16 sectors are embedded.
   succeeded
    Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+16 p (hd0,0)/grub/stage2 /grub/menu
   .lst"... succeeded
   Done.

Software RAID

Activating Raid

If RAID array already exist:

 mdadm --assemble --scan

If creating a new (mirror) array:

 mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 [--force] --raid-devices=2 /dev/hda1 /dev/hdb1

use **--force** if you are using less than 2 devices

Restoring a lost disk on RAID1 (mirror) disk array

1. re-seat the hard drive (hot swapped)

2. reboot the box (it did not want to recognize the drive in the bay)

3. **cat /proc/mdstat**

 
 Personalities : [raid1]
 md0 : active raid1 sda2[0]
     244075456 blocks [2/1] [U_]
 
 unused devices: <none>

which shows that our raid device is only using sda2 (1 out of 2 devices for md0)

4. make sure that /dev/sdb exists and that /dev/sdb2 is our RAID partition: **mdadm --examine /dev/sdb2**

 
 /dev/sdb2:
         Magic : a92b4efc
       Version : 00.90.00
          UUID : feae5a82:2674029d:2b534ce1:b1c670ec
 Creation Time : Thu Oct 11 10:11:50 2007
    Raid Level : raid1
   Device Size : 244075456 (232.77 GiB 249.93 GB)
    Array Size : 244075456 (232.77 GiB 249.93 GB)
  Raid Devices : 2
 Total Devices : 2
 Preferred Minor : 0
 
   Update Time : Tue Jan  8 23:45:40 2008
         State : active
 Active Devices : 2
 Working Devices : 2
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 0
      Checksum : 4886fb71 - correct
        Events : 0.50293
 
 
     Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
 this     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2
 
  0     0       8        2        0      active sync   /dev/sda2
  1     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2

5. add the device to the array with: **mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb2**

 mdadm: re-added /dev/sdb2

6. watch the rebuild process live! **cat /proc/mdstat**

 [10:17:58 - root@localhost:~]
 #> cat /proc/mdstat
 Personalities : [raid1]
 md0 : active raid1 sdb2[2] sda2[0]
     244075456 blocks [2/1] [U_]
     [>....................]  recovery =  0.1% (345536/244075456) finish=94.0min speed=43192K/sec
 unused devices: <none>
 [10:18:06 - root@localhost:~]
 #> cat /proc/mdstat
 Personalities : [raid1]
 md0 : active raid1 sdb2[2] sda2[0]
     244075456 blocks [2/1] [U_]
     [=>...................]  recovery =  8.6% (21150720/244075456) finish=95.6min speed=38853K/sec
 unused devices: <none>

Simulating a drive failure

First we mark the drive as "faulty"

1. mdadm --manage --set-faulty /dev/md1 /dev/sdb1

Then we can remove it from the RAID device

2. mdadm --manage /dev/md1 --remove /dev/sdb1

To check the status of the disks on the RAID device

3. mdadm --detail /dev/md1

Stopping all disk arrays

 mdadm --stop --scan

Wipe clean a disk array

After stopping a drive you still need to remove the super blocks so they are not recognized as RAID partitions by mdadm on --scan

 mdadm --zero-superblock --force /dev/sda1

Fedora Directory Server

SSL Encryption

 - http://directory.fedoraproject.org/wiki/Howto:SSL
 - http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/dir-server/ag/7.1/ssl.html#1087158

List Certificates

 cd /opt/fedora-ds/alias
 ../shared/bin/certutil -L -d .

Replication

Serial Consoles

Setup

 $> dmesg |grep tty
 serial8250: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
 00:07: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
 $> sudo setserial -g /dev/ttyS0
 /dev/ttyS0, UART: 16550A, Port: 0x03f8, IRQ: 4

Edit /etc/inittab like:

 s0:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -L -f /etc/issue.net 9600 ttyS0 vt102

Reboot or run from a console:

 sudo init q

If you want to make sure things work or play around with settings, run the command by hand:

 sudo /sbin/agetty -L -f /etc/issue.net 9600 ttyS0 vt102

Upstart (Ubuntu)

 - Create file /etc/event.d/ttyS0
   start on runlevel 2
   start on runlevel 3
   start on runlevel 4
   start on runlevel 5
   stop on runlevel 0
   respawn
   exec /sbin/getty 9600 ttyS0
 - reboot

Memory Management

Install memstat

 memstat -w|grep PID|sort -rn|more

Then for every process ID on the first 10 or 20 entries, find out what they are and why they are running with so much memory.

Disk Management

Batch Partition Creation

 - Create a file fdisk.input.create.partition.table with
   o
   w
 - Run this loop
     for i in /dev/foo /dev/bar; do fdisk $i < fdisk.input; done
 - Do an input file for the actual partition taking all available space (fdisk tells you how many blocks per disk. Assuming all disk are the same size)
   n
   p
   1
   1
   267218
   w

(This is a 2.1TB disk and all space will be on primary partition 1)

Batch fstab Entries Creation

This first script calculates the volume UUID from the lunlist file:

   #!/bin/sh
   # Luis Mondesi
   # 2008-03-19
   # Sanity checks
   [ `uname -s` = "Linux" ] || exit 1
   if [ ! -f lunlist ]; then
           echo "Create a file called lunlist with a list of devices like:"
           echo "/dev/sda"
           echo "/dev/sdb"
           echo "..."
           exit 2
   fi
   FILESYSTEM="reiserfs"
   # If you need to build the partitions from scratch do something like this:
   #for i in $(<lunlist); do echo $i; fdisk $i < fdisk.input.create.partition.table; done
   #for i in $(<lunlist); do echo $i; fdisk $i < fdisk.input.create.partition; done
   #for i in $(<lunlist); do echo $i; mkfs -t $FILESYSTEM ${i}1; done
   # where the files needed for fdisk input look like:
   # cat fdisk.input.create.partition.table
   #o
   #w
   # cat fdisk.input.create.partition
   #n
   #p
   #1
   #1
   #267218
   #w
   BACKUPFILE=/etc/fstab.backup.`date +%s`
   cp /etc/fstab $BACKUPFILE
   cat /etc/fstab > /tmp/fstab.$$
   j=0
   for i in $(<lunlist); do
           if [ -e "${i}1" ]; then
                   j=$((j+1))
                   echo "# ${i}1"
                   echo UUID="`/lib/udev/vol_id -u ${i}1`" /export/users/${j} $FILESYSTEM defaults,rw,noatime,notail 0 0
                   mkdir -p "/export/users/${j}"
           fi
   done >> /tmp/fstab.$$
   cp /tmp/fstab.$$ /etc/fstab
   [ -x /sbin/udevtrigger ] && /sbin/udevtrigger
   [ -x /usr/sbin/udevtrigger ] && /usr/sbin/udevtrigger
   echo "Fstab backup created on $BACKUPFILE"
   echo "Now verify /etc/fstab and type: mount -a"

Here is another script that only cares about what the system already know (the UUIDs detected by udev):

   #!/bin/sh
   # Luis Mondesi
   # 2008-03-19
   # Sanity checks
   [ `uname -s` = "Linux" ] || exit 1
   [ -d "/dev/disk/by-uuid" ] || exit 2
   FILESYSTEM="reiserfs"
   BACKUPFILE=/etc/fstab.backup.`date +%s`
   cp /etc/fstab $BACKUPFILE
   cat /etc/fstab > /tmp/fstab.$$
   j=0
   # this system uses udev and we will use UUIDs to mount disks
   if [ -x /sbin/udevtrigger ]; then
       /sbin/udevtrigger
       sleep 2
       /sbin/udevtrigger
   elif [ -x /usr/sbin/udevtrigger ]; then
       /usr/sbin/udevtrigger
       sleep 2
       /usr/sbin/udevtrigger
   else
       echo "udevtrigger not found in /sbin or /usr/sbin"
       exit 4
   fi
   cd /dev/disk/by-uuid
   for i in *; do
           j=$((j+1))
           echo "# " `ls -l $i|awk '{ print $NF }'`
           #`/lib/udev/vol_id -u ${i}1`
           echo UUID="$i" /export/users/${j} $FILESYSTEM defaults,rw,noatime,notail 0 0
           mkdir -p "/export/users/${j}"
   done >> /tmp/fstab.$$
   cp /tmp/fstab.$$ /etc/fstab
   echo "Fstab backup created on $BACKUPFILE"
   echo "Now verify /etc/fstab and type: mount -a"

Then run **udevtrigger**

Networking

Bonding Interfaces

 - Setup the bonding kernel module
   - [[http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/question/static/linux-ethernet-bonding-driver-howto.php#section_4|Modes]]
 - Alias bond0 to bonding
 - Setup the ethernet interfaces as SLAVES to the bond0 MASTER interface

[[http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/question/static/linux-ethernet-bonding-driver-howto.php|HOWTO]]

Example

[[http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-bond-or-team-multiple-network-interfaces-nic-into-single-interface.html|Example]]

  • *Step #1:** Create a bond0 configuration file

Red Hat Linux stores network configuration in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ directory. First, you need to create bond0 config file:

   # vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0

Append following lines to it:

   DEVICE=bond0
   IPADDR=192.168.1.20
   NETWORK=192.168.1.0
   NETMASK=255.255.255.0
   USERCTL=no
   BOOTPROTO=none
   ONBOOT=yes

Replace above IP address with your actual IP address. Save file and exit to shell prompt.

  • *Step #2:** Modify eth0 and eth1 config files:

Open both configuration using vi text editor and make sure file read as follows for eth0 interface

   # vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

Modify/append directive as follows:

   DEVICE=eth0
   USERCTL=no
   ONBOOT=yes
   MASTER=bond0
   SLAVE=yes
   BOOTPROTO=none

Open eth1 configuration file using vi text editor:

   # vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

Make sure file read as follows for eth1 interface:

   DEVICE=eth1
   USERCTL=no
   ONBOOT=yes
   MASTER=bond0
   SLAVE=yes
   BOOTPROTO=none

Save file and exit to shell prompt.

  • *Step # 3:** Load bond driver/module

Make sure bonding module is loaded when the channel-bonding interface (bond0) is brought up. You need to modify kernel modules configuration file:

   # vi /etc/modprobe.conf

Append following two lines:

   alias bond0 bonding
   options bond0 mode=balance-alb miimon=100

Save file and exit to shell prompt. You can learn more about all bounding options in kernel source documentation file (click here to read file online).

  • *Step # 4:** Test configuration

First, load the bonding module:

   # modprobe bonding

Restart networking service in order to bring up bond0 interface:

   # service network restart

Verify everything is working:

 # less /proc/net/bonding/bond0

Output:

   Bonding Mode: load balancing (round-robin)
   MII Status: up
   MII Polling Interval (ms): 0
   Up Delay (ms): 0
   Down Delay (ms): 0
   Slave Interface: eth0
   MII Status: up
   Link Failure Count: 0
   Permanent HW addr: 00:0c:29:c6:be:59
   Slave Interface: eth1
   MII Status: up
   Link Failure Count: 0
   Permanent HW addr: 00:0c:29:c6:be:63

List all interfaces:

 # ifconfig

Output:

   bond0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:C6:BE:59
    inet addr:192.168.1.20  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
    inet6 addr: fe80::200:ff:fe00:0/64 Scope:Link
    UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
    RX packets:2804 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
    TX packets:1879 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
    collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
    RX bytes:250825 (244.9 KiB)  TX bytes:244683 (238.9 KiB)
   eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:C6:BE:59
    inet addr:192.168.1.20  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
    inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fec6:be59/64 Scope:Link
    UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
    RX packets:2809 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
    TX packets:1390 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
    collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
    RX bytes:251161 (245.2 KiB)  TX bytes:180289 (176.0 KiB)
    Interrupt:11 Base address:0x1400
   eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:C6:BE:59
    inet addr:192.168.1.20  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
    inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fec6:be59/64 Scope:Link
    UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
    RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
    TX packets:502 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
    collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
    RX bytes:258 (258.0 b)  TX bytes:66516 (64.9 KiB)
    Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1480

Benchmark

Server:

   iperf -s -w 65536 -p 12345 -I 5

Client:

   * [1] iperf -c <server> -w 65536 -p 12345 -t 60
   * [2] iperf -c <server> -w 65536 -p 12345 -t 60 -d
   * [3] iperf -c <server> -w 65536 -p 12345 -t 60 -P 4

PXE Boot

http://syslinux.zytor.com/wiki/index.php/PXELINUX

 - create /tftpboot
 - copy the netboot installer to it
 - edit /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
 - (optional) create files for particular system by using their HEX IP address like:
   $> gethostip 10.0.0.1
   10.0.0.1 10.0.0.1 0A000001
   $> sudo cp /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/0A000001

Ubuntu netboot images

SMP systems

Bind process to 1 CPU

On a multi-core CPU system you can force a command to execute on a given CPU by doing:

 taskset -c 1 command

Note: taskset is part of the util-linux package on Debian

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